Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium (TyVAC)

The Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium (TyVAC) is a partnership between the Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD) at the University of Maryland School of Medicine, the Oxford Vaccine Group at the University of Oxford, and PATH, an international nonprofit organization. TyVAC aims to accelerate the introduction of new typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) as part of an integrated approach to reduce the burden of typhoid in countries eligible for support from Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.
TyVAC employs a multidisciplinary approach, working with global and local partners to accelerate the introduction of TCVs in low-income countries and facilitate access to typhoid vaccines as part of an integrated prevention plan that also includes improved water, sanitation, and hygiene. We work to ensure that typhoid prevention and control are global health priorities and that stakeholders and decision-makers have the data and tools they need to make evidence-based decisions for TCV introduction.

A list of our previous publications is below: 

1. Debellut F, Bello G, Chisema M et al. Cost of the typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction through an integrated campaign and follow-on routine immunization in Malawi. Vaccine X 2024.
2. Nampota-Nkomba N, Nyirenda OM, Datta S et al. Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of a booster dose of a typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) in Malawian pre-school Children. Preprint 2024.
3. Hagedoorn NN, Birkhold M, Murthy S, et al. Mortality, morbidity, and post-operative complications of typhoid intestinal perforations: global systematic review and meta-analysis. World J Surg 2024.
4. Qadri F and Khanam F, Zhang Y, et al. Five-year vaccine protection following a single dose of Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in Bangladeshi children: a cluster randomised trial. Lancet 2024.
5. Ingle DJ, Hawkey JJ, Hunt M et al. Typhi Mykrobe: fast and accurate lineage identification and antimicrobial resistance genotyping directly from sequence reads for the typhoid fever agent Salmonella Typhi. bioRxiv 2024.
6. Neuzil KM, Patel PD, Ndeketa L et al. Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Malawian children; Authors' reply. The Lancet 2024.
7. Carey ME, Nguyen TNT, Nhu TDH et al. The origins of haplotype 58 (H58) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi. Commun Biol 2024.
8. Debellut F, Friedrich A, Baral R et al. The cost of typhoid illness in low- and middle-income countries, a scoping review of the literature. PLOS One 2024.
9. Mylona E, Pham Thanh D, Keane JA et al. A retrospective investigation of the population structure and geospatial distribution of Salmonella Paratyphi A in Kathmandu, Nepal. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2024.
10. Sukri L, Banza A, Shafer K et al. Typhoid intestinal perforation in Francophone Africa, a scoping review. PLOS Glob Public Health 2024.
11. Nampota-Nkomba N, Nyirenda OM, Mapemba V et al. Single and two-dose typhoid conjugate vaccine safety and immunogenicity in HIV-exposed uninfected and HIV-unexposed uninfected Malawian children. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024.
12. Bijukchhe SM, Gurung M, Pokhrel B et al. Immune responses to typhoid conjugate vaccine in a two dose schedule among Nepalese children <2 years of age. Vaccine 2024.
13. Gordon MA. Tackling non-typhoidal Salmonella with humility. Nat Microbiol 2024. 
14. Kim JH, Choi J, Kim C et al. Mapping the incidence rate of typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa. PLOS Negl Trop Dis 2024.
15. Patel PD, Liang Y, Meiring JE et al. Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine: final analysis of a 4-year, phase 3, randomised controlled trial in Malawian children. Lancet 2024.
16. Walker J, Chaguza C, Grubaugh N et al. Assessing the global risk of typhoid outbreaks caused by extensively drug resistant Salmonella Typhi. Nat Commun 2023.
17. Crump JA, Nyirenda TS, Kalonji LM et al. Nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease: Challenges and solutions. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023.
18. Tadesse BT, Khanam F, Ahmmed F et al. Association among household water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) status and typhoid risk in urban slums: Prospective cohort study in Bangladesh. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2023.
19. Meiring JE, Khanam F, Basnyat B et al. Typhoid fever. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023.
20. Ouedraogo A, Diarra A, Nebie I et al. Durable Anti-Vi IgG and IgA antibody responses in 15-month-old children vaccinated with typhoid conjugate vaccine in Burkina Faso. JPIDS 2023.
21. Carey ME, Dyson ZA, Ingle DJ et al. Global diversity and antimicrobial resistance of typhoid fever pathogens: insights from a meta-analysis of 13,000 Salmonella Typhi genomes. eLife 2023.
22. Carey, ME. Gateway to typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction in India and beyond – programmatic effectiveness of a public sector typhoid conjugate vaccine campaign in Navi Mumbai. Clin Infect Dis 2023.
23. Mylona E, Hefele L, Thieu N et al. The identification of enteric fever-specific antigens for population-based serosurveillance. J Infect Dis 2023.
24. Birkhold M, Datta S, Pak G et al. Characterization of typhoid intestinal perforation in Africa: results from the Severe Typhoid Fever Surveillance in Africa Program. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023.
25. Carey ME, Dyson ZA, Argimon S et al. Unlocking the potential of genomic data to inform typhoid fever control policy: supportive resources for genomic data generation, analysis, and visualization. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023.
26. Crump JA, Nyirenda TS, Kalonji LM et al. Nontyphoidal Salmonella invasive disease: challenges and solutions. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023.
27. Greear JA, Steele AD, Garrett, DO. Achieving impact: charting the course to meet the challenges ahead at the 12^th International Conference on Typhoid and Other Invasive Salmonelloses. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023.
28. Nampota-Nkomba N, Carey ME, Jamka LP et al. Using typhoid conjugate vaccines to prevent disease, promote health equity, and counter drug-resistant typhoid fever. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023.
29. Neuzil KM. Enteric fever – tools for prevention. New Engl J Med 2023.
30. Khanam F, Babu G, Rahman N et al. Immune responses in children after vaccination with a typhoid Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine in Bangladesh. Vaccine 2023.
31. Khanam F, Kim DR, Liu X et al. Assessment of vaccine herd protection in a cluster-randomized trial of Vi conjugate vaccine against typhoid fever: results of further analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2023. 
32. Phillips MT, Antillon M, Bilcke J et al. Cost-effectiveness analysis of typhoid conjugate vaccines in an outbreak setting: a modeling study. BMC Infect Dis 2023. 
33. Pereira-Dias J, Taneja N, Mahindroo J et al. The genomic characterization of Salmonella Paratyphi A from an outbreak of enteric fever in Vadodara, India. mGen 2023.
34. Burrows H, Antillon M, Gauld JS et al. Comparison of model predictions of typhoid conjugate vaccine public health impact and cost-effectiveness. Vaccine 2022.
35. Liang Y, Driscoll AJ, Patel P et al. Evaluation of the test-negative design for estimates of typhoid conjugate vaccine effectiveness using randomized, controlled clinical trial data from Malawi. Lancet Glob Health 2022.
36. Limani F, Smith C, Wachepa R et al. Estimating the economic burden of typhoid in children and adults in Blantyre, Malawi: a costing cohort study. PLOS One 2022.
37. Birger R, Antillón M, Bilcke J et al. Estimating the effect of vaccination on antimicrobial-resistant typhoid fever in 73 countries supported by Gavi: a mathematical modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis 2022.
38. Waddington C, Carey ME, Boinett CJ et al. Exploiting genomics to mitigate the public health impact of antimicrobial resistance. Genome Med 2022.
39. Debellut F, Mkisi R, Masoo V et al. Projecting the cost of introducing typhoid conjugate vaccine (TCV) in the national immunization program in Malawi using a standardized costing framework. Vaccine 2022.
40. Dahal A, Shakya M, Pant D et al. Public engagement during a typhoid conjugate vaccine trial in Lalitpur, Nepal- experience, challenges and lessons learnt. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2022.
41. Marchello CS, Birkhold M, Crump JA. Complications and mortality of non-typhoidal salmonella invasive disease: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis 2022.
42. Tadesse BT, Khanam F, Ahmed F et al. Prevention of typhoid by Vi conjugate vaccine and achievable improvements in household WASH: Evidence from a cluster-randomized trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Clin Infect Dis 2022.
43. Nampota N, Nyirenda O, Khonde L et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a typhoid conjugate vaccine among children aged 9 months through 12 years in Malawi: results from a randomised, double-blind, controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health. 2022.
44. Carey M, McCann N, Gibani M. Typhoid fever control in the 21^st Century - where are we now? Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2022.
45. Shakya M, Voysey M, Theiss-Nyland K et al. Efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Nepal: final results of a phase 3, randomised, controlled trial. Lancet Glob Health 2021.
46. Birkhold M, Mwisongo A, Pollard AJ, et al. Typhoid conjugate vaccine in Africa and Asia: Status of clinical evaluation and vaccine introduction. J Infect Dis 2021.
47. Patel PD, Patel P, Liang Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine in Malawian children. N Engl J Med 2021.
48. Qadri F, Khanam F, Liu X, et al. Protection of children against typhoid fever with a Vi-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccination in urban Bangladesh: A cluster-randomized trial. Lancet 2021.
49. Shakya M, Neuzil KM, Pollard AJ. Prospects of future typhoid and paratyphoid vaccines in endemic countries. J Infect Dis 2021.
50. Sirima SB, Ouedraogo A, Barry N, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of Vi-typhoid conjugate vaccine co-administration with routine 9-month vaccination in Burkina Faso: A randomised controlled Phase 2 trial. Int J Infect Dis 2021.
51. Carey ME, Jain R, Yousuf M, et al. Spontaneous emergence of azithromycin resistance in independent lineages of Salmonella Typhi in Northern India. Clin Infect Dis 2021.
52. Marchello CS, Birkhold M, Crump JA. Complications and mortality of typhoid fever: A global systematic review and meta-analysis: Typhoid complications and mortality. J Infect 2020.
53. Marchello CS, Carr SD, Crump JA. A systematic review on antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella Typhi worldwide. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020.
54. Ouedraogo A, Barry N, Siribie M, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of co-administration of meningococcal type A and measles rubella vaccines with typhoid conjugate vaccine in children aged 15-23 months in Burkina Faso. Int J Infect Dis 2020.
55. Birkhold M, Coulibaly Y, Coulibaly O, et al. Morbidity and mortality of typhoid intestinal perforation among children in sub-Saharan Africa 1995-2019: A scoping review. World J Surg 2020.
56. Britto CD, Mathias S, Bosco A, et al. Pathogen genomic surveillance of typhoidal Salmonella infection in adults and children reveals no association between clinical outcomes and infecting genotypes. Trop Med Health 2020.
57. Marchello CS, Dale AP, Pisharody S, et al. Using hospital-based studies of community-onset bloodstream infections to make inferences about typhoid fever incidence. Trop Med Int Health 2019.
58. Marchello CS, Dale AP, Pisharody S, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of community-onset bloodstream infections among hospitalized patients in Africa and Asia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019.
59. Muhib FB, Pecenka CJ, Marfin AA. Risk-based vaccines and the need for risk-based subnational vaccination strategies for introduction. Clin Infect Dis 2020.
60. Neuzil KM, Basnyat B, Clemens  JD, et al. Early insights from clinical trials of typhoid conjugate vaccine in low-resource settings. Clin Infect Dis 2020.
61. Phillips MT, Owers KA, Grenfell BT, et al. Changes in historical typhoid transmission across 16 U.S. cities, 1889-1931: Quantifying the impact of investments in water and sewer infrastructures. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020.
62. Shakya M, Colin-Jones R, Theiss-Nyland K, et al. Phase 3 efficacy analysis of a typhoid conjugate vaccine trial in Nepal. N Engl J Med 2019.
63. Antillon M, Saad NJ, Baker S, et al. The relationship between blood sample volume and diagnostic sensitivity of blood culture for typhoid and paratyphoid fever: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Dis 2018.
64. Bentsi-Enchill AD, Pollard AJ. A turning point in typhoid control. J Infect Dis 2018.
65. Bilcke J, Antillon M, Pieters Z, et al. Cost-effectiveness of routine and campaign use of typhoid Vi-conjugate vaccine in Gavi-eligible countries: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis 2019.
66. Colin-Jones R, Shakya M, Voysey M, et al. Logistics of implementing a large-scale typhoid vaccine trial in Kathmandu, Nepal. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
67. Crump JA. Progress in typhoid fever epidemiology. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
68. Debellut F, Hendrix N, Pitzer VE, et al. Forecasting demand for the typhoid conjugate vaccine in low- and middle-income countries. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
69. Dyson ZA, Klemm EJ, Palmer S, et al. Antibiotic resistance and typhoid. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
70. Jamka LP, Simiyu KW, Bentsi-Enchill AD, et al. Accelerating typhoid conjugate vaccine introduction: What can be learned from prior new vaccine introduction initiatives? Clin Infect Dis 2019.
71. Kaufhold S, Yaesoubi R, Pitzer VE. Predicting the impact of typhoid conjugate vaccines on antimicrobial resistance. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
72. Laurens MB, Sirima SB, Rotrosen ET, et al. A phase II, randomized, double-blind, controlled safety and immunogenicity trial of typhoid conjugate vaccine in children under 2 years of age in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso: A methods paper. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
73. Lindsay S, Gellin B, Lee A, et al. The Coalition Against Typhoid: Mobilizing a community for a global fight. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
74. Liu X, Pitzer VE, Pollard AJ, et al. The design and analysis of seroefficacy studies for typhoid conjugate vaccines. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
75. Luthra K, Watts E, Debellut F, et al. A review of the economic evidence of typhoid fever and typhoid vaccines. Clin Infect Dis 20195.
76. Marchello CS, Hong CY, Crump JA. Global typhoid fever incidence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
77. Meiring JE, Giubilini A, Savulescu J, et al. Generating the evidence for typhoid vaccine introduction: Considerations for global disease burden estimates and vaccine testing through human challenge. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
78. Meiring JE, Laurens MB, Patel P, et al. Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium Malawi: A phase III, randomized, double-blind, controlled trial of the clinical efficacy of typhoid conjugate vaccine among children in Blantyre, Malawi. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
79. Meiring JE, Sambakunsi R, Moyo E, et al. Community engagement before initiation of typhoid conjugate vaccine trial in schools in two urban townships in Blantyre, Malawi: Experience and lessons. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
80. Neuzil KM, Pollard AJ, Marfin AA. Introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines in Africa and Asiav. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
81. Park SE, Pham DT, Boinett C, et al. The phylogeography and incidence of multi-drug resistant typhoid fever in sub-Saharan Africa. Nat Commun 2018.
82. Pitzer VE, Meiring J, Martineau FP, et al. The invisible burden: Diagnosing and combatting typhoid fever in Asia and Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
83. Pollard AJ, Marfin AA, Neuzil KM. The time is now to control typhoid. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
84.  Shakya M, Colin-Jones R, Theiss-Nyland K, et al. Phase 3 efficacy analysis of a typhoid conjugate vaccine trial in Nepal. N Engl J Med 2019.
85. Theiss-Nyland K, Qadri F, Colin-Jones R, et al. Assessing the impact of a Vi-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in preventing typhoid infection among Bangladeshi children: A Protocol for a phase IIIb trial. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
86. Theiss-Nyland K, Shakya M, Colin-Jones R, et al. Assessing the impact of a Vi-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine in preventing typhoid infections among Nepalese children: A protocol for a phase III, randomized control trial. Clin Infect Dis 2019.
87. Pieters Z, Saad NJ, Antillon M, et al. Case fatality rate of enteric fever in endemic countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2018.
88. Saad NJ, Lynch VD, Antillon M, et al. Seasonal dynamics of typhoid and paratyphoid fever. Sci Rep 2018.
89. Meiring JE, Gibani M, Basnyat B, et al. The Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium (TyVAC): Vaccine effectiveness study designs: Accelerating the introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccines and reducing the global burden of enteric fever. Report from a meeting held on 26–27 October 2016, Oxford, UK. Vaccine 2017.